warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492-2015

The Peace of Münster together with the Treaty of Münster between the Holy Roman Emperor, France and their allies and the Treaty of Osnabrück involving the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and their allies collectively formed the Peace of Westphalia. Thousands of diplomats and support staff attended these conferences. The peace negotiations involved a total of 109 delegations representing European powers, including Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Philip IV of Spain, the Kingdom of France, Cristina of the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities. The Treaties of Westphalia brought to a close a tumultuous period of European history which saw the deaths of approximately eight million people. The treaties also ended the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch Republic. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire between the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies on one side, and the Protestant powers (Sweden, Denmark, Dutch, and Holy Roman principalities) and their Catholic (France) Anti-Habsburg allies on the other. The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, effectively ending the European wars of religion.See: International Law, Nation State, European Wars of Religion, Thirty Years' War, Holy Roman Empire, Eighty Years' War, Spanish Empire.A Peace of Westphalia is a peace treaty that.

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492-2015